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2 | Kleinhans, Jan-Peter and John Lee (2024). “Lithography: Is the EU’s Semiconductor Manufacturing Equipment a Strategic Chokepoint?” In: DPC Report; Rühlig, Tim (ed.). “Reverse Dependency: Making Europe’s Digital Technological Strengths Indispensable to China,” pp. 30 -43. Digital Power China (DPC). May 7. https://dgap.org/system/files/article_pdfs/DPC%20-%20GESAMT_Final.pdf. Accessed: April 9, 2026; Fedasiuk, Ryan (2026). “Europe Dominates AI’s Plumbing”. CEPA. February 27. https://cepa.org/article/europe-dominates-ais-plumbing/. Accessed: April 9, 2026.

3 | European Commission (2023). “European Economic Security Strategy.” Document 52023JC0020. June 20. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52023JC0020. Accessed: April 8, 2026.

4 | European Commission and High Representative (2025). “Strengthening EU economic security.” December 3. https://circabc.europa.eu/ui/group/7fc51410-46a1-4871-8979-20cce8df0896/ library/777b1ecb-e7ce-4774-a92c-53f81e64ce76/details?open=true. Accessed: April 8, 2026.

5 | Government of the Netherlands (2025). “Letter to the Parliament on the invoked Goods Availability Act.” Minister of Economic Affairs. September 30. https://www.government.nl/documents/2025/10/14/letter-to-the-parliament-on-the-invoked-goods-availability-act. Accessed: April 9, 2026.

6 | Hijink, Mark (2025). “Nexperia in no-man’s-land: how a chip company became caught between two world powers.” NRC. December 30. https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2025/12/30/nexperia-in-no-mans-land-how-a-chip-company-became-caught-between-two-world-powers-a4916395. Accessed: April 8, 2026.

7 | Reuters (2025). “How the Nexperia chip crisis upended auto supply chains – again.” Reuters. November 24. https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/how-nexperia-chip-crisis-upended-auto-supply-chains-again-2025-11-24/. Accessed: April 8, 2026.

8 | Rühlig, Tim (2024). “Curbing China’s legacy chip clout - Reevaluating EU strategy.” EUISS Policy Brief. December 13. https://www.iss.europa.eu/publications/briefs/curbing-chinas-legacy-chip-clout-reevaluating-eu-strategy. Accessed: April 8, 2026.

9 | Grimm, Sunny (2025). “China’s mature chips to make up 28% of world production, creating oversupply — Western companies express concern for their survival.” Tom’s Hardware. February 26. https://www.tomshardware.com/tech-industry/chinas-mature-chips-to-make-up-28-percent-of-world-production-creating-oversupply-western-companies-express-concern-for-their-survival. Accessed: April 9, 2026.

10 | German Association of the Automotive Industry (2023). “Semiconductor crisis.” Position of the VDA. May. https://www.vda.de/dam/jcr:ed5b5fa5-96f8-4b86-bc2a-baa0dc19504c/Paper_Semiconductor%20Crisis.pdf?mode=view. Accessed: April 9, 2026.

11 | Gunter, Jacob and Mikko Huotari (2025). “Shockwaves Made in China.” Internationale Politik Quarterly. October 20. https://ip-quarterly.com/en/shockwaves-made-china. Accessed: April 9, 2026.

12 | Triolo, Paul (2024). “Legacy Chip Overcapacity in China: Myth and Reality.” CSIS. April 30. https://www.csis.org/blogs/trustee-china-hand/legacy-chip-overcapacity-china-myth-and-reality. Accessed: April 9, 2026.

13 | Jugé, Marie et al. (2025). “Transatlantic clean investment monitor 4: electric vehicles.” Bruegel. June 5. https://www.bruegel.org/analysis/transatlantic-clean-investment-monitor-4-electric-vehicles. Accessed: April 9, 2026.

14 | Council of the European Union (2026). “Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the screening of foreign investments in the Union and repealing Regulation.” Document 2024/0017 (COD). February 10. https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ ST-6254-2026-INIT/en/pdf. Accessed: April 9, 2026; European Commission (n.d.) “The Net-Zero Industry Act.” https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/industry/sustainability/net-zero-industry-act_en. Accessed: April 9, 2026; European Commission (2026). “Industrial Accelerator Act.” March 4. https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/publications/industrial-accelerator-act_en. Accessed: April 9, 2026.

15 | Arcesati, Rebecca, François Chimits, and Antonia Hmaidi (2024). “Keeping value chains at home.” MERICS Report. August 8. https://merics.org/en/report/keeping-value-chains-home. Accessed: April 9, 2026.

16 | Laha, Michael (2025). “Chinese Export Controls on Cathode Technology: The EU Must Increase Insight into Supply Chains.” DGAP Memo No. 54. December 18. https://dgap.org/en/research/publications/chinese-export-controls-cathode-technology-eu-must-increase-insight-into. Accessed: April 9, 2026.

17 | Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China 中华人民共和国商务部 (2025). “商务部 科 技部公告2025年第28号 关于调整发布《中国禁止出口限制出口技术目录》的公告.” (Announcement on the Revision and Release of the “Catalogue of Technologies Prohibited or Restricted for Export from China”). July 15. https://fms.mofcom.gov.cn/zcfg/jsjckzcfg/art/2025/art_ba35a101c22c4f6e844f749cb0a98552.html. Accessed: April 9, 2026.

18 | European Commission (2026). “EU launches new toolbox to strengthen ICT supply chain security.” February 13. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/mex_26_411. Accessed: April 9, 2026.

19 | Clark, Sam and Mathieu Pollet (2026). “EU’s Huawei hardliners get top court backing.” Politico. March 19. https://www.politico.eu/article/eu-huawei-hardliners-get-top-court-backing/. Accessed: April 9, 2026.

20 | European Commission (2025). “The Cyber Resilience Act - Summary of the legislative text.” December 3. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/cra-summary. Accessed: April 8, 2026; European Parliament and Council of the EU (2022). “Critical Entities Resilience Directive.” Document 32022L2557. December 27. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2022/2557/oj/eng. Accessed: April 8, 2026; European Parliament and Council of the EU (2022). “Directive (EU) 2022/2555.” Document 02022L2555-20221227. December 14. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2022/2555. Accessed: April 8, 2026.

21 | Jowett, Patrick (2024). “Lithuania bans remote Chinese access to solar, wind, storage devic-es.” PV Magazine. November 18. https://www.pv-magazine.com/2024/11/18/lithuania-bans-remote-chinese-access-to-solar-wind-storage-devices/. Accessed: April 8, 2026.

22 | Jowett, Patrick (2025). “EU security doctrine highlights high-risk dependency on Chinese solar inverters.” PV Magazine. December 16. https://www.pv-magazine.com/2025/12/16/eu-security-doctrine-highlights-high-risk-dependency-on-chinese-solar-inverters/. Accessed: April 8, 2026.

23 | Gehrke, Tobias (2025). “How China could crash Europe’s energy grid and what the EU can do about it.” European Council on Foreign Relations. November 20. https://ecfr.eu/article/how-china-could-crash-europes-energy-grid-and-what-the-eu-can-do-about-it/. Accessed: April 8, 2026.

24 | Mcfarlane, Sarah (2025). “Rogue communication devices found in Chinese solar power inverters.” Reuters. May 14. https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/climate-energy/ghost-machine-rogue-communication-devices-found-chinese-inverters-2025-05-14/. Accessed: April 9, 2026.

25 | Eudebates.tv (2026). “We Must Identify the Risks: EU Moves to Restrict High-Risk Tech Suppliers!” Youtube. January 20. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qVt7wNTdJAY. Accessed: April 9, 2026.

26 | Soong, Claus and Niklas Hintermayer (2025). “MERICS China Forecast 2026: High expectations for Chinese innovation, low expectations for relations with US and EU.” MERICS. November 26. https://merics.org/en/comment/merics-china-forecast-2026-high-expectations-chinese-innovation-low-expectations-relations. Accessed: April 8, 2026.

27 | Poitiers, Niclas (2026). “What can Europe learn from Trump’s Greenland tariff threats?” Bruegel. January 26. https://www.bruegel.org/newsletter/what-can-europe-learn-trumps-greenland-tariff-threats. Accessed: April 9, 2026; Gerhke Tobias and Nina Schmelzer (2026). “Beijing hold’em: European cards against Chinese coercion.” European Council on Foreign Relations Policy Brief. March 31. https://ecfr.eu/publication/beijing-holdem-european-cards-against-chinese-coercion/. Accessed: April 9, 2026.

28 | Sevastopulo, Demetri and Michael Acton (2025). ”Nvidia can sell H200 AI chips to China, Donald Trump says.“ Reuters. December 9. https://www.ft.com/content/ac63139d-5143-4aed-a1e4-980a06551b51?syn-25a6b1a6=1. Accessed: March 31, 2026.